TU-TESL

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In the era of traditional oil and electrification, the development of automotive energy began to advance towards battery technology. Throughout the domestic new energy vehicle market, it has become the largest new energy vehicle sales market in the world. In fact, most of the new energy vehicles sold in China are dominated by electricity. As a traditional car user and enthusiast, facing the rapid development of new energy vehicles, there will be a period of pain indeed. But from a macro point of view, reducing the use of pure fuel vehicles is conducive to changing the structure of energy use at the national level. However, the global car companies all think that the real clean new energy is hydrogen fuel cell, after all, the emissions are only water. However, looking at home and abroad, it will be found that there are different attitudes towards the research and development of hydrogen fuel cell technology between the two. In the early 18th century, British scientists invented the principle. In the 1950s, bacon, a professor from Cambridge University, made a successful trial production of fuel cell with high pressure hydrogen, which was applied in the laboratory. In the 1970s, the United States successfully applied fuel cells to the Gemini V spacecraft and Apollo spacecraft, becoming the first country to realize the application of hydrogen energy technology. However, from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, due to the cost problem, the development of hydrogen energy technology almost stagnated. It was not until 2014 that the breakthrough of fuel cell technology in Japan, coupled with the gradual reduction of reserves of primary energy such as oil and coal, led to the energy shortage, that the vision of building a "hydrogen society" in various countries was regained, and hydrogen energy was also re valued. It is because of the early contact with hydrogen fuel cell technology that foreign vehicle enterprises started this technology far earlier than domestic ones. In fact, GM started to develop hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as early as 1966. It started in 1992 and followed Honda's pace in four years. At the policy level, some countries maintain a positive attitude towards hydrogen fuel cell technology. For example, in 2014, Japan's Ministry of economy and Industry released the strategic roadmap for hydrogen energy and fuel cells, and formulated a three-step development plan. Support policies mainly include R & D, demonstration and vehicle. In terms of research and development, Japan mainly invests in fuel cell, hydrogenation station and hydrogen energy supply chain. From 2017, the demonstration use of fuel will be expanded from household to commercial and industrial use, and it is planned to reach 14 million sets next year. As for the subsidies most concerned by consumers, 50% - 100% of the subsidies can be enjoyed for different types of models, and about 50% of the subsidies can be enjoyed for the construction of hydrogenation stations. According to statistics, in 2014, Japan's subsidies to all domestic hydrogenation stations totaled about US $60 million. European and American governments also support and encourage hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. In 2016, the European Union issued renewable energy directive and other policy documents. The implementation cycle of the fuel cell and hydrogen energy implementation plan is 2014-2020, with emphasis on supporting the transportation industry: road traffic, non road traffic and machinery, infrastructure, etc.; energy industry: hydrogen preparation, transportation, energy storage, power generation, cogeneration, etc. The United States can use the national alternative fuel and charging network plan released by the federal highway administration. 35 states in the United States will form a hydrogen energy network based on 55 hydrogenation stations. 10 states, including California, Colorado, Florida, New York and Wisconsin, will take the lead in starting the construction work. At home, the new energy vehicle policy has gone through 10 years. The development ideas include not only the development direction and process of plug-in hybrid, but also the part of hydrogen fuel cell technology, and the subsidies of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are far higher than the level of the former. In the notice on adjusting and improving the promotion and application finance of new energy vehicles jointly issued by the four ministries and commissions in 2018, it is mentioned that fuel cell passenger vehicles are subsidized according to the rated power of the batteries carried, with the subsidy standard of 6000 yuan / kW and the upper limit of 200000 yuan / vehicle. Passenger cars and freight cars shall be subsidized in a fixed amount, with the upper limit of 300000-500000 / car based on the size of the model. On this basis, the local government will issue local subsidies according to the national subsidy of 1:1 or 0.5:1, i.e. the maximum subsidy for a hydrogen fuel bus is 1 million yuan. At the same time, the strategic position of hydrogen energy and fuel cell industry can be seen in the 13th five year plan for the development of strategic emerging industries, action plan for energy technology revolution and innovation (2016-2030), development plan for energy saving and new energy vehicle industry (2012-2020), made in China 2025 and other national top-level plans. The main reason why hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are "blooming everywhere" in foreign countries and "silent" in China lies in the obvious gap in technology. As mentioned earlier, Japanese car companies began to research and develop hydrogen fuel cells in the early 1990s, while in China, they did not start to invest until 2001. The technical maturity of key parts is not as good as expected. For example, proton exchange membrane system, metal plate electrode and graphite plate electrode, such as catalyst, proton exchange membrane, carbon paper, air compressor, hydrogen circulation pump and so on, are still the main ones, and there are not many domestic supporting enterprises. In addition to technical iterations and differences, another focus is to test the fuel cell technology in the field of commercial vehicles, especially in urban buses and vans. As well as the matching hydrogen production technology and cost have not been balanced, the construction of hydrogenation station and midway transportation and other problems have not been solved.